John William Money 8 July — 7 July was a psychologistsexologist and author, specializing in research into sexual identity and biology of gender. He was one of the first scientists to study the psychology of sexual fluidity and how the societal constructs of "gender" affect an individual. His work has been both celebrated for its innovation and criticized, particularly in regard to his involvement with the discredited sex-reassignment of David Reimer [1] and his eventual suicide.

Money published around 2, articles, books, chapters and reviews. His writing has been translated into many languages. Money has received around 65 world-wide honors, awards, and degrees, but has been discredited by, most notably, David Reimer, prior to his suicide. Born in MorrinsvilleNew Zealandto a family of English and Welsh descent, [3] Money initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington[4] graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in He left Pittsburgh and earned his PhD from Harvard University in He was married briefly in the s but had no children.

He also changed the word "perversions" to "paraphilias" and the word "sexual preference" to "sexual orientation", striving towards less judgmental descriptions and arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free will.

He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in along with Claude Migeon who was the head of plastic surgery at Johns Hopkins. The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in He received the Magnus Hirschfeld Medal in from the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research. Money was an early supporter of New Zealand's arts, both literary and visual. He was a noted friend and supporter of author Janet Frame. Inas his Parkinson's disease worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the Eastern Southland Art Gallery in Gore, New Zealand.

Money died 7 Julyone day before his 85th birthday, in Towson, Maryland[10] of complications from Parkinson's disease. Money was the co-editor of a book "Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment", which helped bring more acceptance to sexual reassignment surgery and transgender individuals. Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the s, many of them as a result of his studies of Hermaphroditism.

Money's definition of gender is based on his understanding of sex differences among human beings. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. However, there are other sex-derivative differences that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy. These differences involve the way urine is expelled from the human body and other questions of sexual dimorphism.

According to Money's theory, sex-adjunctive differences are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while nursing infants. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting. Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional: Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women.

Finally, Money created the now-common term gender role which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology sex role. This grew out of his studies of hermaphrodites. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term "gender role" including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females.

In his studies of hermaphrodites, Money found that there are six variables that define sex. While in the average person all six would line up unequivocally as either all "male" or "female", in hermaphrodites any one or more than one of these could be inconsistent with the others, leading to various kinds of anomalies. In his seminal paper he defined these factors as: Gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up.

It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: For him, gender included not only one's status as a man or a woman, but was also a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one's genitalia but also on the basis of somatic and behavioral criteria that go beyond genital differences.

The book featured David Reimer see below as an example of gender reassignment. In this book Oxford He suggests that all of these capitalize on the ancient, pre-Platonic, pre-biblical conception of body versus the mind, and the physical versus the spiritual.

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In coining the term "bodymind", in this sense, Money wishes to move beyond these very ingrained principles of our folk or vernacular psychology. Money also develops here Oxford These include pairbondage, troopbondage, abidance, ycleptance, forex zulu trading, with these coping strategies: Money suggests that the concept of threshold Oxford Moreover, it confers the distinct advantage of having continuity and unity to what would otherwise be a highly disparate and varied field of research.

It also allows for the classification of sexual behavior. For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially for allegedly demonstrating that gender was learned rather than innate. Many years later, however, it was revealed that his most famous case was fundamentally flawed.

Ina botched circumcision left eight-month-old David Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby's parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer's best interest. At the age of 22 months, Bruce underwent an orchidectomy, in which his testicles were surgically removed.

He was reassigned to be raised as female and given the name Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment to which the parents agreed, Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused.

Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful. David's case came to international attention in when he told his story to Milton Diamondan academic sexologist who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly. InDavid and his twin brother Brian alleged that Money forced the twins to rehearse sexual acts involving "thrusting movements", with David playing the bottom role. Money also forced the children to take their "clothes off" and engage in "genital inspections".

On at "least one occasion", Money reportedly took photographs of the two children doing these activities. Money's rationale for these various treatments was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play'" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity". Reimer had experienced the visits to Baltimore as traumatic, and when Money started pressuring the family to bring him in for surgery during which a vagina would be constructed, the family discontinued the follow-up visits.

From 22 months into his teenaged years, Reimer urinated through a hole that surgeons had placed in the abdomen. Estrogen tesla model s uk delivery given during adolescence to induce breast development. Having no contact with the family once the who invented money wikipedia were discontinued, John Money published nothing further about the case.

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Money wrote, "The child's forex stealth forex system is so clearly that of an active little girl and so different from the boyish ways of her twin brother.

The twin brother, Brian, later developed schizophrenia. On July 1,[18] Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. On May 4,after suffering years of severe depressionfinancial instability, and marital troubles, [19] David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at can i transfer into a stocks and shares isa age of Reimer's parents have stated that Money's methodology was responsible for the deaths of both of their sons.

He claimed his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are vps forex ea into the genes so women should currency exchange rate sar vs inr back to the mattress and the kitchen".

John Money was critical in debates on chronophiliasespecially pedophilia. He stated that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional pedophilia and sadistic pedophilia. Money asserted that affectional pedophilia was about love and not sex. If I were to see the case of a boy aged ten or eleven who's intensely erotically attracted toward a man in his twenties or thirties, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual Money held the view that affectional pedophilia is caused by a surplus of parental love that became erotic, and is not a behavioral disorder.

Rather, he took the position that heterosexuality is another example of a societal and therefore superficial, ideological concept. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sexual identityGender identityand Gender role. An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox. Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman. ISBN Money, John. The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. ISBN X Money, John.

Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families2nd ed. Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History.

ISBN Money, John, and Anke Ehrhardt. Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. The Journal of Sex Research. Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. Retrieved 15 April Taylor and Francis, Ltd. Hopkins pioneer in gender identity. The Bay Area Reporter.

Retrieved 1 March Associated Press via Fox News. The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism". Money And The Boy With No Penis Retrieved 24 December Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Retrieved 15 May Archived from the original on As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl.

The Death of David Reimer: A tale of sex, science, and abuse. Retrieved 10 July Hormone Research ;56 1—2: Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF: Retrieved from " https: Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October Use dmy dates from October Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from March All articles needing additional references Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March Articles needing footnote reformatting All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers.

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